Development and Decline in The Yellow Wallpaper - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2518 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Did you like this example? The Yellow Wallpaper is a story of the emotional and intellectual deterioration of a woman confined to a â€Å"rest cure†, following the narrator from a state of depression, to a state of isolation, and finally to a state of insanity, provoked by the misguided and oppressive restrictions imposed by her husband. In her struggle with physical confinement, the narrator descends to a state of madness as the only way to free herself from her current condition, a condition marked by marital imprisonment and the paralyzing restraints of a patriarchal society. In this way, we are presented with a dual narrative of the simultaneous decline and development of the protagonist’s selfhood; the development of her autonomy is a direct side-effect of the decline in her mental state: a break-down of social and moral inhibitions.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Development and Decline in The Yellow Wallpaper" essay for you Create order It is in this state that we see the emergence of her independent identity, through the liberation of her own will and desires. This dichotomy is the dominant theme of the narrative, as the protagonist’s attempts to cope with isolation become the engine to drive her liberation forward. At the start of the story, it is revealed that the narrator is suffering from a condition of depression, however, notably it is not her mental instability that strikes the reader, but rather the oppressive marital dynamic between the narrator and her husband John. This is immediately evident in the narrative voice of the story. Although the story is told in the first person, the female protagonist’s narration appears to be governed by her husband’s narration, who largely makes decisions on her behalf. The critic Horowitz notes that this bears a significant resemblance to Gilman’s own experience with the oppressive dealings of male doctors in prescribing the â€Å"rest cure† for women afflicted with nervous disorders. Thus, Gilman’s personal narrative finds itself into the fictional voice of the protagonist, â€Å"infected by doubts and uncertainties of powerlessness† (120). This is evident in the first two pages, where we see the protagonist’s narration of her own thoughts repeatedly interrupted by the narration of her husband’s thoughts: â€Å"I don’t like our room a bit†¦But John would not hear of it†; â€Å"I think it is due to this nervous condition†¦But John says† (845). While there may be the appearance of narrative autonomy, it is clear that her husband is the driving force behind the key occurrences of the plot. In her critique of female discourse in The Yellow Wall-paper, Treichler argues that the narrative style reflects a wider feminist discourse that â€Å"seeks to escape the sentence† that the structure of patriarchal language imposes, and to move beyond the boundaries of male-determined syntax (70). This dynamic struggle sets the the narrative tone for most of the story, with the repeated structure of the first person narrative voice of â€Å"I† being immediately proceeded by â€Å"John†: â€Å"I am sitting by the window now†¦ John is away all day†¦ I am glad my case is not serious! John does not know how much I really suffer† (846). In this way, John seems to shadow her thoughts with his interjecting presence in the narration. Gilman sets us this imposing and dominating marital condition to pave the way for her protagonist’s suppression, and thus her eventual liberation. Gilman continues to set the wills of the protagonist and her husband in conflict with one another, in the phrases â€Å"control myself – before him† and â€Å"I must put this away – he hates† (845), where we see their individual pronouns juxtaposed. However, while conflicting the two, she also closely aligns them to illustrate the extent of the protagonist’s reliance upon her husband. Despite her initial distaste for the room, we see her quickly persuaded to it by John: â€Å"He is right enough about the beds and windows and things. It is as airy and comfortable a room as any†¦I’m really quite fond of the big room† (846). Here we see the protagonist’s thought process unfold, marked by a rapid change in attitude in conformance with her husband. In this way, she appears to be highly susceptible to John’s shaping of her own feelings and opinions. The extent of this dynamic of dependence and dominance in their marriage is further illustrated by the child-like imagery depicting the narrator. She describes her initial stages of confinement to the room in the phrase â€Å"he took me in his arms and called me a blessed little goose† (846), revealing the patronizing tone and parental role that her husband has assumed. Her husband’s later references to her as â€Å"little girl,† accompanied by his order â€Å"Don’t go walking about like that – you’ll get a cold† (850) bears the similar tone of a concerned and caring father. However, while the narrator initially expresses gratitude to her husband for his supposedly well-intentioned affection, with her repeated reference to him as â€Å"Dear John!† (849), it becomes clear to the reader that her husband is not so much caring as controlling. Whilst directly addressing his wife, John uses the third person in the phrase â€Å"Bless her little heart!she shall be as sick as she pleases!† (850). By talking about his wife as if she was not present, the reader gets the sense that John not only removes the narrator’s agency but also reduces her existence to that of a child incapable of self-care. This endearing â€Å"withering sweet talk† works to belittle the protagonist under the veil of affection (Horowitz 124), and thus becomes a subtle tool by which passivity and control are imposed by her husband. Just as we come to see the narrator as a child at the hands of her husband, we similarly come to see the confined room itself akin to a nursery: â€Å"It was nursery first and then playroom†¦the windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things in the walls† (845). The description of the room as â€Å"barred† bears the imagery of a cage, while the reference to â€Å"rings and things in the walls† calls to mind children’s toys, thus depicting a place where she is stripped of autonomous activity and is instead confined to an infantile state void of emotional and intellectual stimulation. The confines of the room are further highlighted in contrast with the external world. The natural descriptions of the â€Å"lovely country, too, full of great elms and velvet meadows,† which she glimpses outside of the room, is juxtaposed with the man-made interior scenery of the â€Å"wall-paper† (847), thus aggravating the bleak isolation of her position. We can see how the protagonist resorts to conjuring some form of life and beauty in the blank setting of the room, in her description of the wall-paper as possessing animated qualities: â€Å"where the sun is just so – I can see a strange, provoking, formless sort of figure that seems to skulk about behind that silly and conspicuous front design† (847). The setting of the room as a nursery is further illustrated through references to the narrator’s own child, who has been taken out of her care, and whose position she has now occupied: â€Å"the baby is well and happy and does not have to occupy this room with the horrid wall-paper† (849). Through these brief mentions of her child, we are reminded how the protagonist’s maternal capacity has been stripped from her. Critic St. Jean points out the significance of Gilman placing the source of the protagonist’s insanity in â€Å"the sacrosanct sphere for dutiful women – the home† (88). From this interpretation, the nursery signifies the traditionally-defining feature of a woman in society: a mother. In this way, not only has she been â€Å"barred† from the physical world, but she has also been separated from her identity as a mother, a traditionally defining feature of a woman in society. Therefore, the room becomes a place where she is stripped of a fully-fleshed sense of self. Just as a child develops from a blank slate without preconceived societal notions, the nursery causes the protagonist to revert to such a state in which she can govern herself, by casting out all prior order that governed her life. It is from this rudimentary condition that she develops freedom of thought in a state akin to insanity, nurturing her individual desires and impulses. The protagonist experiences a whirlwind of paradoxical feelings which tracks her descent into a state of emotional chaos, but also her development from this previous child-like state of complete submission, as we now see her grappling with conflicting loyalties to her husband’s authority and the drive of her independent will. The beginnings of this mental unrest in revealed in the inconsistency of her train of thought: â€Å"It is not bad†¦In this damp weather it is awful†¦It used to disturb me at first. I thought seriously of burning the house to reach the smell. But now I am used to it† (852). Her volatile attitudes towards the room seem to reflect a struggle between her previous compliance and growing defiance. This is also evident in her changing feelings towards her husband, from the earlier innocent assertion that â€Å"he is so wise, and because he loves me so† (849) to the more incredulous, accusatory tone of â€Å"[he] pretended to very loving and kind. As if I couldn’t see through him!† (853). Therefore, throughout the narrative we see her in a state of emotional toil akin to madness, swinging from passive delusions about her husband’s good intentions, to moments of reasoned clarity, to outbursts of backlash. Clearly her experience of mental distress has made her more temperamentally vulnerable, yet ironically, this is countered by moments of more acute awareness (Horowitz 120). Up to and including this point, it is clear her life has been governed by her husband and societal pressures on women, and she now appears to experience a rollercoaster of contradictory emotional states and changing attitudes, in a solitary effort to come to terms with her individual drives. With the protagonist’s internal dialogue swinging between extremes, a climax is reached in the final few pages; the release of her mental stability is accompanied by the release of a foundation of inhibiting false premises, built to enable her husband’s control over her. Thus, this climax of the narrator’s mental detachment is accompanied by her severing of external controls; the reader is struck by the sense of unprecedented happiness and freedom that the narrator experiences in achieving this state of ultimate liberation. This climax is built with the narrator’s metaphorical hallucination of a woman trying to escape out of the pattern of the wall-paper: â€Å"her crawling shakes it all over†¦she just takes hold of the bars and shakes them hard. And she is all the time trying to climb through† (852-853). The imagery of this figure â€Å"crawling† out of the wallpaper recalls the earlier child-like imagery of the narrator within the â₠¬Å"barred† nursery, and thus we come to see this figure as a symbolic parallel for the narrator’s own imprisonment. In these moments, Gilman draws out the uncanny horror genre of romantic fiction by grounding its gothic template in a domesticated tale, and setting these nightmarish visions against the story’s realism (Horowitz 119). The wallpaper becomes a harrowing and sinister taunt for the narrator, not only marking the physical boundaries of her confinement but also serving as a symbol of the oppressive domestic sphere that haunts so many women. The narrator’s attempts to break out of her own confines manifests itself in her attempts to free this trapped female figure: â€Å"that poor thing began to crawl and shake the pattern, I got up and ran to help her† (854). This evolves into her own freedom from domestic and marital expectations, through the tearing down of the physical enclosure of the wall-paper: â€Å"I’ve pulled off most of the paper, so you can’t put me back!† (855). The narrator’s own description causes the reader to see her growing identification with the wall-paper woman (Horowitz 125), and thus her individual condition becomes symptomatic of a wider feminist discourse. Through the breakdown of the wall-paper, and the social restrictions on women that it represents, we get a sense of the birth of a liberated, self-oriented existence for the narrator, with the phrase â€Å"I wonder if they all came out of that wall-paper as I did?† (855). The suggestion of her existence as emerging out of the wall-paper, combined with the reference to the â€Å"creeping women† (855) she envisions outside of the room, depicts an image of the narrator’s re-birth out of domestic confinement, and into the freedom of the external world. According to Treicher, the wallpaper can be interpreted as female writing, and the woman in the wallpaper as a representation of the possibilities for women once they obtain their voice (64). However, the extent to which the narrator actually achieves a state of free possibility is somewhat ambiguous at the end of the story, as we are left with the image of her still creeping within the confines of the room, at the same time as she reveals â€Å"I don’t like to look out of the windows even† (855). In some interpretations, the narrator has triumphed over the patriarchy, or has at least achieved some victory over her own husband (St. Jean 94); while John is left in a defeated position on the ground, the narrator is pictured crawling over him and asserting a more forceful presence in her exclamation â€Å"I’ve got out at last!† (855). Thus, we see how this dichotomy between her mental decline and her drive for self-liberation prevails in the finale of the sto ry, leaving the fate of the protagonist undetermined. The Yellow Wallpaper is a story that sheds light on the confinements of a patriarchal social system. It is such a system that the narrator falls victim to, however, ironically it is within the walls of her confinement that her independent and unrestrained sense of self is developed. The room becomes a microcosm of her private life, and of a wider patriarchal society; it is a space that confines her physically and artistically, and one which paves way for the narrative of her escape. In this way, the room becomes a place in which the birth of her liberated self takes place, through the shedding of previous inhibitions and orders in a state characteristic of insanity. Therefore, the narrator develops a somewhat unhinged internal state as a way to free her from her confined external state. Works Cited Perkins Gilman, Charlotte. â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper†. The Norton Anthology of American Literature, edited by Robert S. Levine, 9th ed., W.W. Norton Company, 2017, pp.844-855. Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz. Wild Unrest: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Making of The Yellow Wall-Paper. Oxford University Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central, e bookcentral.proquest.com/lib/mcgill/detail.action?docID=602483. Treichler, Paula A. â€Å"Escaping the Sentence: Diagnosis and Discourse in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 3.1 (1984). 61-77. JSTOR. Web. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, and Shawn St. Jean. â€Å"Dual Interpretations.† â€Å"The Yellow Wall- Paper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman: a Dual-Text Critical Edition. Ohio University Press, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/mcgill/detail.action?docID=3026906.

Gawain, noble or naïve Essay - 1064 Words

Gawain, noble or naà ¯ve? Gawain, nephew of the famed Arthur of the Round Table, is depicted as the most noble of knights in the poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Nonetheless, he is not without fault or demerit, and is certainly susceptible to conflict. Gawain, bound to chivalry, is torn between his knightly edicts, his courtly obligations, and his mortal thoughts of self-preservation. This conflict is most evident in his failure of the tests posed by the wicked Morgan le Fay. With devious tests of temptation and courage, Morgan is able to create a mockery of the courtly and knightly ideal, through Gawains failure of these tests. By satirizing the effects of Gawains inner conflicts, the unnamed Gawain poet reveals that even the best†¦show more content†¦By portraying Gawain as noble and honorable, the poet is able to shock the audience with actions that are uncharacteristic of a chivalrous knight. The first of these contrasting actions is apparent in the temptation of Gawain by his hosts lady. Th is lady, the huntress, is a pawn of Morgans, and seeks to pursue Gawain in order to fool him into actions that contrast the knightly ideal. She will do anything to accomplish these actions in him, even tempting him with bosom all but bare (1741). With another mans wife pursuing him as such, Gawain must be courtly to the lady, but at the same time must deny her advances. This unavoidable conflict creates a fear within Gawain. Upon discovering that the lovely lady was approaching him in bed, Gawain lay feigning sleep, in order to try her intent (1195, 1199). This action reveals Gawains fear that his hosts lady is pursuing him. This unavoidable fear causes his failure of courtliness, for Gawain, as courtesy calls, would have claimed a kiss from the lady, but did not (1300). The lady ridicules him for this, even though, for the following reason, the situation was unavoidable. Gawain must abide by his morals and abstain from adulterous thoughts, while at the same time being a courteous h ost. Moreover, Gawain is forced to make a choice between courtesy and adultery, either of which would result in the dishonor of either the lady or his host, respectively. By choosing to return each of the successiveShow MoreRelatedEssay Analysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight1050 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, after Gawain ventures â€Å"into a forest fastness, fearsome and wild† (Norton, 311), he prays that he will be able to find â€Å"harborage† on Christmas Eve (Norton, 312). It is the middle of winter, and Gawain has been traveling in search of the Green Knight whose head he has cut off. After he prays and signs himself three times, Gawain finds a magical castle in the midst of a winter forest. 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Dementia for Visual and Biological Needs- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Dementia for Visual and Biological Needs. Answer: Introduction Dementia is a neurodegenerative disorder that occurs mostly in the older adults due to the death of the nerve cells due to several factors. The dementia care is a significant growing health care need with the growing aged population. There are almost no pharmacological treatments for dementia and management of dementia mainly involves enhancing the mood and cognition of the patient, helping them in social engagement and fostering a safe environment for them. The key strategy to manage dementia in patients includes regular monitoring of the patient's health and cognition and initiation of the pharmacologic and the non pharmacological treatment. Apart from all these there are several environmental modifications that can bring about better cognitive outcomes in patients (Chaudhury et al. 2013, p. 223-229). Poor sleep quality and falls are some of the problems faced by the elderly suffering from dementia. People with dementia needs more light as the as people grow older the visual capaci ty of the eye changes and more light is required for the visual functions. Hence my chosen topic of research would be light, and how it impacts on the patient's care. The rationale for this topic will be evidenced by a literature review followed by a plan of action. A summary statement will be provided describing about the achievements after the evaluation of the interventions followed by a succinct conclusion. Literature review Chong et al.(2013, p. 565) have stated the adequate lighting have a positive impact on people suffering from dementia, as it has a positive impact on the biological clock and sleep patterns of the older adults with dementia. Absence of adequate light can cause confusion in the daily routine and reduces the activity and the alertness and in turn increases the frequency of the daytime napping. If the right quantity of light enters the retina then it can synchronize the cardiac rhythms to the 24 hours day and night cycle (Bedrosian et al. 2012). This is referred to as the non visual system. Circadian disruption might occur if the indoor lightings are not dark enough or of the appropriate color for activating the circadian system (Baird et al. 2012, p.988). Biodynamic lighting has been found to enhance the perceptual, visual and biological needs of the older patients with dementia as they help them to stay independent in their homes and contributing to the better quality of life (Fonken and Nelson 2014, p. 667-669). Researches regarding light and health have shown that biological lighting that mimics natural lighting can has a high beneficial effect on the physiological, biological and the psychological well being of people with dementia (Bedrosian et al. 2013, p.988). Biodynamic lighting can not only reduce the running cost but can also help to maintain healthy bones. Increase of the visual fictions will help to reduce trips and falls in the older adults (Fonken and Nelson 2014,p. 667-669). Although nothing is as useful as natural day light, natural daylight is always not feasible for the persons living in the indoors. Illuminating the indoors pose a threat from the point of environment sustainability and energy consumption. Proper utilization of the lightings can use less energy and result in cooling energy saving for the buildings (Ellis et al.2014). In the architectural design the main challenge in to provide the daylight or mimic the daylight using the artificial light sources and ensuring that color temperature change and the lighting levels sync with the nature's rhythm (Chong et al. 2013, p.565). The timing of the light and the wavelength of the light absorbed by the body are the two most important factors for the biological effect. Circadian rhythms are normally regulated by the exposure of the body towards the blue and the green spectrum (Ellis et al. 2014,p. 223-245). At noon there is a high intensity of the blue light region, the late afternoon provides the r ed and the orange light and as the sun sets it becomes dark (Coogan et al. 2012. p. 333-339). According to Coogan et al. (2013. p. 333-339) blue light triggers the level of serotonin in the body that increases the cognitive performance and alertness. According to Ellis et al.(2014,p. 224-245) the emergence of the chronobio-engineering can actually provide a new paradigm in the field of health care sciences. The main aim is to manage the symptoms of dementia by considering the attention of the patient, changing the vision due to the ageing eye, limited mobility and wandering due to the Alzheimers diseases, limited mobility and the effects of sun downing and wandering (Bedrosian and Nelson 2013).According to Figueiro et al. (2013.p. 1527) bright light therapy in dementia patient improves the cognitive function as it is related to increased scores in the mental state examination, used for measuring the cognitive status. According to Ellis et al. (2014) bright light therapy involves the exposure of the patient to about 10,000 lux of light. Figueiro et al. (2013. p.1527.) have stated that bright light can also improve the posture stability and control. He has stated that strips of LED place around the door frames can decrease the risk of falls. All these facts provide a strong rationale for the choice of modifications for people suffering from dementia. Discussion The aim was to regulate stimulation, maximize the orientation, to increase the sense of safety and autonomy in patients, to regulate the circadian cycles and maintaining the biological clock, to improve the behavioral functioning in the patient and improve the cognitive status in patients with dementia, to increase the visual functioning in the patients and avoid slips and falls. The plan of action involved the fixtures of automated LED lights and light colored shades in the living room. Dementia patients often suffer from sun-downing. I have found that bright light in the living room had brought about a decrease in the anxiety and depression among the people with dementia. It had also been found that bright light reduces the symptoms of sun-downing and have decreased the risk of night wandering and daytime napping. It has been found that there is direct linkage between bright light and circadian rhythm. My interventions have brought about a regulated circadian rhythm in the people. Auto tuning day lights has been effective in creating a more naturalistic environment and improve the cognitive functioning in patients. The color rendition of these LED lights is auto tuned for the older adults. It can dim itself to the red spectrum for allowing the residents to go to sleep and provide illumination levels to the caregivers to continue working. The arrangement have been made in such a way such that the schedule slowly increases the lighting levels for the rest of the day for improving the visual activity and the light intensity slows down such that it sets to a low level "red" during the nighttime hours. The bright light set in the community and the corridors have decreased the risk of slips and other sentinel events related to the dementia patients. Conclusion The evaluation strategies could prove that changes in the lighting designs can improve the quality of life of the dementia patients by fostering a safe environment for them and providing an ideal working environment for the caregivers. This idea of modification in the external environment can be disseminated to the other caregivers or the supervisors or the managers such that they can arrange things like automated lighting with the sensory motors as that has to be done in presence of the technicians. The idea of effective lighting can be disseminated through social media, one on one interview with the stake holders, group discussion with peers, newsletters and leaflets. Oral presentation during group discussion can be an effective method of dissemination. During my course of action, it became really difficult on my part to implement the automated lights. On my next venture I would like to work with the implementation of signs for improving the dwelling of the dementia patients. Recommendation Fixtures of florescent lights in the corridors and the washrooms. Using high lux levels and use of transitional lights between the rooms to avoid sudden light change. Use of diffuse lighting and indirect lighting to avoid the glare. Color of the furniture in the dwelling room should be in high contrast. The color rendition should be high to differentiate objects. References Baird, A.L., Coogan, A.N., Siddiqui, A., Donev, R.M. and Thome, J., 2012. Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is associated with alterations in circadian rhythms at the behavioural, endocrine and molecular levels. Molecular psychiatry, 17(10), p.988. Bedrosian, T.A. and Nelson, R.J., 2013. Sundowning syndrome in aging and dementia: research in mouse models. Experimental neurology, 243, pp.67-73. Chaudhury, H., Cooke, H. and Frazee, K., 2013. Developing a physical environmental evaluation component of the Dementia Care Mapping (DCM) Tool. Environmental gerontology: Making meaningful places in old age, pp.153-174. Chong, M.S., Tan, K.T., Tay, L., Wong, Y.M. and Ancoli-Israel, S., 2013. Bright light therapy as part of a multicomponent management program improves sleep and functional outcomes in delirious older hospitalized adults. Clinical interventions in aging, 8, p.565. Coogan, A.N., Schutov, B., Husung, S., Furczyk, K., Baune, B.T., Kropp, P., Hler, F. and Thome, J., 2013. The circadian system in Alzheimers disease: disturbances, mechanisms, and opportunities. Biological psychiatry, 74(5), pp.333-339. Ellis, E.V., Gonzalez, E.W., Kratzer, D.A., McEachron, D.L. and Yeutter, G., 2014, March. Auto-tuning daylight with LEDs: sustainable lighting for health and wellbeing. In ARCC Conference Repository. Figueiro, M.G., Plitnick, B.A., Lok, A., Jones, G.E., Higgins, P., Hornick, T.R. and Rea, M.S., 2014. Tailored lighting intervention improves measures of sleep, depression, and agitation in persons with Alzheimers disease and related dementia living in long-term care facilities. Clinical interventions in aging, 9, p.1527. Fonken, L.K. and Nelson, R.J., 2014. The effects of light at night on circadian clocks and metabolism. Endocrine reviews, 35(4), pp.648-670. Garre?Olmo, J., Lpez?Pousa, S., Turon?Estrada, A., Juviny, D., Ballester, D. and Vilalta?Franch, J., 2012. Environmental determinants of quality of life in nursing home residents with severe dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(7), pp.1230-1236. Hanford, N. and Figueiro, M., 2013. Light therapy and Alzheimer's disease and related dementia: past, present, and future. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 33(4), pp.913-922. Lin, C.C. and Huang, Y.C., 2012. Exploration of Long-Term Care Institution Managers' Perceptions of Institutional Indoor Environment Quality and Ease of Administration. Care Management Journals, 13(3), p.121. Zhou, Q.P., Jung, L. and Richards, K.C., 2012. The management of sleep and circadian disturbance in patients with dementia. Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 12(2), pp.193-204.

8+ Free Old Official SAT Practice Tests

8+ Free Old Official SAT Practice Tests SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In March2016, the SAT underwent a completeredesign, concentrating more on testing reasoning skills than on obscure vocabulary knowledge. So how do you study for theSAT now thatthere just aren't that many practice tests available? After all, there’s nothing quite like taking actual official SAT tests to get you ready for the real thing. The good news is that many of the questions that appeared on the old SAT format are still completely relevant and a great resource for practicing your skills! In this article, I'll tell you all about which old-format questions to seek out and which to skip. Then I'll give you a huge list of the best places to find free official SAT tests to use for studying. Feature Image:Ed Schipul/Wikipedia What’s the Difference Between the â€Å"Old† and New SAT? Big-Picture Changes The SAT no longer tests your knowledge and skills in isolation. Instead, the College Board has madecontext and reasoning matter much more for questions. For example, instead of testing whether you know a grammar rule by giving you several unrelated sentences, multiple grammar questions now come from a single passage. Also, there areno â€Å"trick† questions - in other words, questionswith purposefully confusing wording meant totrip you up even if you did actually know the skill being tested. To see a detailed explanation of all the changes, check out our extensive guide to the new SAT. Small-Scale Changes On a more granular level, although each SAT section has been redesigned, different sections have been changedin different degrees.This is great news!For many new SAT sections, old SAT question are still a relevant and useful study resource. In the restof the article, I will go through each section and explain which old SAT questions you can use to study. But first, I have some general advice about how to get the most benefit out of the old SAT as you prepare for your SAT exam. It's the small things that make up the big things. Like the yellow flowers in that bouquet. (E.mil.mil/Wikipedia) Can You Really Use the Old SAT to Study for the CurrentOne? However you end up studying for the SAT (check out our guide to finding the best testing strategy for you), you will certainly use these two techniques: boosting weak skills by practicing many questions that test those skills simulating testing conditions by taking a full SAT test in one sitting Because the format and timing of the old test arefairly different, it can't really help you with test-day conditioning – use the currentSAT tests for that. But since many of the questions and question types remain the same, the old tests are excellent for honing individual skills. As much as possible, you should use official SAT tests from the College Board rather than those written by other companies. Because they have gone through the same writing and editing process as the questions you'll encounter on the actual test, these old tests come closest to reproducing what you will encounter on test day. Also, because they have been officially released by the College Board, there is no question about their quality. On the other hand, it's not always clear whether another company can sufficiently mimic the College Board's approach, style, or wording. By sticking with the official tests, you don’t have to worry about evaluating third-party work. Finally, please note: the SAT underwent a big redesign in 2005 as well. So when talking about the old tests below, I will say "pre-2005" and "post-2005" todifferentiate between the two old versions of the SAT. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Which Sections of Old SATs Should I Use to Study? Here’s a breakdown of all of the SAT sections, in order from least to greatest difference between the old and currenttests, as well as explanations abouthow you can effectively use older tests to study. Math Section The math section is the most unchanged. There is less geometry on the current SAT than on the old ones, and some basic trigonometry has been added. Also, there's now a no-calculator section. Current SATQuestion Types: a small number of trigonometry questions more questions about interpreting graphs and charts multiple-step questions based on a real-world scenario Old Questions to Study: Almost all math problems from old tests.There's no need to pick and choose very much, so feel free to study almost allmath questions you come across. Old Questions to Skip Entirely: Comparisons (pre-2005 tests).These are questions that ask you to compare the value of two boxes: Logic puzzles (all old tests).These are questions not directly based on math you learned in school. If you can confidently identify these types of questions, skip them because they donot appear on the currenttest. For example: After public resistance, the controversial new "do a long jump while computing the distance of your long jump" task has been tabled for now. Writing and Language Section The old Reading and Writing sections are now onesection called "Writing and Language." It still has questions about reading comprehension, grammar, and vocabulary. But all questions arepassage-based and rely on your ability to determine meaning from context. Current SAT Question Types: all reading questions are based on passages grammar and writing logic questions are also all passage-based some questions require interpreting data (in graph or chart form) Old Questions to Study: Passage-Based Reading (all old tests).The current-test version of these isnot exactly the same, but theyare still great practice for learning to quickly find the meaning and argument structure of a given passage. Improving Paragraphs (post-2005 tests). These ask you to read a passage and then edit its grammar and logic: Old Questions to Use to Brush Up on Key Concepts: The old isolated-sentence grammar and syntax questions are nowless helpful, but you can still use them to refresh your understanding of proper usage, grammar, and punctuation. Just don't use them as real test practice. Sentence Errors (post-2005 tests). These ask you to identify a grammar or punctuation mistake in an isolated sentence: Improving Sentences (post-2005 tests). These ask you to edit isolated sentences: Old Questions to Skip Entirely: Analogies (pre-2005 tests). These ask you to compare the relationships of paired words: Sentence Completions (post-2005 tests). These ask you to find the best words to fill blanks in sentences: Feel free to also skip any questions from the pre-1369 A.D. version of the SAT. The Essay Section The current essay is 50 minutes long, andit ismuch closer to the kind of analytical writing you've been doing in high school all along. The essay gives you a passage and thenasks you to write abouthow theauthor builds theargument.This is one place where the old tests simply will not help. Instead, you should brush up on your understanding of rhetorical devices, structure, and the uses of evidence. The study of rhetoric apparently involves both a book, an enormous fighting staff, and maybe... a feather on your head? You've been warned. Free Old Tests From the College Board Post-2005 Tests: SAT Practice Test (2013-2014)Test | Answers SAT Practice Test (2012-2013)Test | Answers SAT Practice Test (2007-2008)Test | Answers SAT Practice Test (2005)Test | Answers Pre-2005 Tests: SAT Practice Test (2004)Download | Answers SAT Practice Test (2003-2004)Download | Answers SAT Practice Test (May 2002)Download SAT Practice Test (October 2001)Download Other Potential Sources of Old SAT Tests The bookThe Official SAT Study Guide, Second Edition, which features 10 more official SAT tests from the College Board. The book is not free (it's currently $45 new on Amazon, though you can get it for much cheaper used). On the other hand, the internet is a vast and wondrous place, and you may be able to find slightly less authorized but nevertheless completely official old SAT tests if you poke around a little. Try searching for "free old SAT tests" and looking past the first couple of pages of Google results to the less commercial corners of the web. "Which corner isleast commercial?" asked the fly. "Try the middle," replied the spider. Conclusion Old SAT tests still have an important role to play as you study for the SAT. To simulate test-day conditions, definitelyuse currentofficial tests. Butold tests are perfect for extra practice with realistic reading passages and math questions. What’s Next? Wondering how best to study for the SAT? Download our dedicated guide to figuring out which SAT prep method is best for you. Worried that the SAT is not the right test for you altogether? Let us help you decide between the SAT and ACT by explaining which students should take which test. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Sample Short Answer Essay for a College Application

Sample Short Answer Essay for a College Application The Common Application no longer requires a short answer essay from all applicants, but many colleges continue to include the short answer as part of a supplement. The short answer essay prompt typically states something like this: Briefly elaborate on one of your extracurricular activities or work experiences. Colleges like this type of question because it gives their applicants the opportunity to identify an activity that is meaningful to them and to explain why it is meaningful. This information can be useful to colleges with holistic admissions as they try to identify students who will bring interesting skills and passions to the campus community. Sample Short Answer Essay Christie wrote the following sample short answer essay to elaborate upon her love of running: It is the simplest of movements: right foot, left foot, right foot. It is the simplest of actions: run, relax, breathe. For me, running is both the most basic and the most complex activity I perform in any day. While my body adjusts to the challenges of gravel paths and steep inclines, my mind is free to drift, to sift through whatever needs sorting or disposing- the upcoming days tasks, an argument with a friend, some nagging stress. As my calf muscles loosen and my breathing settles into its deep rhythm, I am able to release that stress, forget that argument, and set my mind in order. And at the midway point, two miles into the course, I stop at the hilltop vista overlooking my little town and the surrounding woodlands. For just a moment, I stop to listen to my own strong heartbeat. Then I run again. Critique of the Short Answer Essay The author has focused on a personal activity, running, not any history-making achievement, team triumph, world-changing social work, or even a formal extracurricular activity. As such, the short answer essay does not highlight any kind of remarkable accomplishment or personal talent. But think about what this short answer essay does reveal- the author is someone who can find pleasure in the simplest of activities. She is someone who has found an effective way for dealing with stress and finding peace and equilibrium in her life. She reveals that she is in tune with her self and her small town environment. This one little paragraph gives us the impression that the author is a thoughtful, sensitive, and healthy person. In a short space, the essay reveals the maturity of the writer- she is reflective, articulate, and balanced. These are all dimensions of her character that will not come across in her lists of grades, test scores, and extracurricular activities. They are also personal qualities that will be attractive to a college. The writing is also solid. The prose is tight, clear, and stylistic without being over-written. The length is a perfect  823 characters and 148 words. This is a typical length limit for a short-answer essay. That said, if your college is asking for just 100 words or something longer, be sure to follow their instructions carefully. Role of Essays and Your College Application Keep in mind the role of any essays, even short ones, that you submit with your college application. You want to present a dimension of yourself that isnt readily apparent elsewhere in your application materials. Reveal some hidden interest, passion, or struggle that will give the admissions folks a more detailed portrait of yourself. The college has asked for a short essay because it has holistic admissions; in other words, the school tries to evaluate the whole applicant through both quantitative (grades, test scores, rank) and qualitative (essays, interview, extracurricular activities). A short answer essay gives the college a useful window into the applicants interests. Christie succeeds on this front. For both the writing and the content, she has written a winning short answer essay. You may want to explore another example of a  good short answer on working at Burger King  as well as learn lessons from a  weak short answer on soccer  and a  weak short answer on entrepreneurship. In general, if you follow the advice on writing a winning short answer and avoid common short answer mistakes, your essay will strengthen your application and help make you an attractive candidate for admission.

Iconic projects are virtually certain to fail.Discuss; illustrate your Essay

Iconic projects are virtually certain to fail.Discuss; illustrate your answer with references to recently completed trophy projects - Essay Example es need to be appropriately addressed by managers of projects worldwide: ‘a) the project mission, b) the top management support and c) the project scheduling’ (Schultz et al., 1987 in Belassi et al., 1996, 142). If these issues are taken into consideration when designing and implementing a project then it can be expected that this project will be led to success. On the other hand, it is supported that the success or the failure of projects in modern market can be depended on many factors – different criteria could be also used in order to decide on the success or the failure of a particular project at any stage of its development. In accordance with Diallo et al. (2004, 21) ‘success can be evaluated only when the evaluation dimensions are adequately defined; a project is usually considered a success if its implementation complies with the usual constraints of time, cost and the client’s terms of reference or ‘‘quality’’â€⠄¢. The above description of a project’s success refers only to the general aspects of project success; there is no reference to the benefits that a project may offers to the parties involved – i.e. even if a project cannot be characterized as successful in terms of the achievement of its targets still it could offer benefits to its creators/ developers – referring to direct or even indirect benefits (e.g. increase of the quality of life of people of a specific area because of the development of a specific construction project – the above project may be left uncompleted or it could be use for a different reason than the one defined by its developers). The importance of project management for the improvement of many aspects of human life around the world could be possibly understood only by referring to specific projects and their benefits for people within the international community. The definition of project given by Gasper (2000) could help identify the general aspects of projects in modern market. In accordance with

Is it Too Hard to Amend the Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is it Too Hard to Amend the Constitution - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the makers of the constitution have been said to have placed the bar extremely high for a likelihood of any type of regulation in the constitution. Black argues that the constitution gave the president the authority of being the commandant of the forces, but ordinarily, the president does very little in the event that decisions touching on warfare and peace are concerned (1). This means that the constitution has very little to recommend in regard to nuclear assails. In this case, the main challenge is that the framers of the initial constitution had very little information on the important issues in the country as well as the role of politics in shaping the structure of the constitution (Black 1). Unless this transforms, it might be too time-consuming to adjust the present constitution.  The Senate and the House are required to pass a majority of 2/3 votes if the constitution has to be amended (Black 1). This case has been alien to the country for the earlier periods. Article V of the constitution, as the author terms it, - an â€Å"iron cage†- has made it extremely tasking to amend the constitution (Black 1). The Anti-flag-burning amendment is a  good case in point that failed. The amendment only had 66 votes in favor, and 34 votes opposing the same (Martin 1). This means that the amendment failed to gather the necessary 2/3 votes that would have otherwise led to the Bush government leading the Congress towards holding the power of banning contravention of the treasured American flag.